1.    CO₂, HCl

2.    CO₂

3. The molar mass is 150.2 amu

4.    248 hydrogen atoms; 122 hydrogen atoms

6.    There should be five isomers, each with a unique name.

7. 

8. 

9.    I came up with 22 isomers.

10.   (a) 4      (b) 3      (c) 8      (d) 5      (e) 6

11.   (a) different      (b) isomers      (c) same      (d) isomers      (e) same

12.   (a) 4-methylheptane      (b) 2-methyloctane      (c) 3-methylheptane

13.   (a) Y    (b) Y    (c) N    (d) Y    (e) N    (f) Y    (g) N (M cannot exist)

15. 

16.     C_nH_2n; the same

17.    (a) 

         (b) 

         (c) 

18.    alkane: C₆H₁₄, saturated; alkene: C₆H₁₂, unsaturated; alkyne: C₆H₁₀, unsaturated;

        aromatic: C₆H₆, aromatic.

19.    alkenes= C_nH_2n; alkynes= C_nH_2n-2. It doesn't necessarily follow that a compound with a forrmula of C_nH_2n is an alkene, since cyclic saturated hydrocarbons (e.g. cyclohexane)                have the same formula as alkenes.
 
20.     Alkynes can never exist as cis/trans isomers because they are linear around the triple bond       and only one other atom is bonded to the carbon atoms involved in the triple bond.1-butene cannot exist as cis/trans isomers because the number 1 carbon has the same two groups attached to it (hydrogen atoms). This makes cis/trans isomerism impossible.

21.    (a) C₅H₁₂ + 8O₂ ----> 5CO₂ + 6H₂O

         (b) C₃H₆ + 9/2 O₂ ----> 3CO₂ + 3H₂O

         (c) C₄H₈ + 6O₂ ----> 4CO₂ + 4H₂O

         (d) C₄H₆ + 11/2 O₂ ----> 4CO₂ + 3H₂O

22.    (a) C₈H₁₈     (b) C₆H₁₂     (c) C₅H₈     (d) C₆H₁₂

23.    (a) 

        (b) 

25.     cis-5-decene; trans-5-decene

26. 
 

If the molecule were planar, there would be two isomers. If it is tetrahedral, there are no isomers (i.e., there's only one compound with this formula).

         cis- and trans-2-chloro-2-pentene, and cis- and trans-3-chloro-2-pentene.
 

Addition of HCl to any of these compounds converts the double bond into a single bond, and results in two possible products: 3,3-dichloropentane and 2,3-dichloropentane.

31.   (only the condensed formulas and names are given; you should be able to figure out the structures)

        (a) CH₃CH₂CH₂OH; n-propyl alcohol, n-propanol, propanol, or 1-propanol

        (b) (CH₃)₂CHOH; 2-propanol, 2-propyl alcohol, isopropanol, or isopropyl alcohol

        (c) CH₃CH₂CHO; propanal

        (d) CH₃COCH₃; 2-propanone, propan-2-one, or acetone

        (e) CH₃CH₂COOH; propanoic acid

        (f) CH₃CH₂OCH₃; ethyl methyl ether

        (g) CH₃CH₂CONH₂; propanamide

        (h) CH₃CH₂CH₂NH₂; propylamine

32.   (a) ketone (b) carboxylic acid (c) alcohol (d) ester (e) amide

        (f) amine

33.   (a) amine and acid (b) alkene, alcohol (c) amide (d) ketone

        (e) aldehyde (f) alkyne, alcohol

34.   (a) aromatic hydrocarbon (b) amide (c) alkene (d) ester

        (e) ketone (f) alkyne (g) alkane (h) amine

35.   (a) alcohol (b) ether (c) alkyl halide (d) alkyl halide

        (e) acid (f) aldehyde (g) alcohol (h) alcohol

36.   (a) An amide contains the carbonyl group (C=O), but an amine doesn't.

        (b) an aldehyde always has the carbonyl group at the end of a chain and the carbon of the carbonyl group is bonded to a hydrogen; in a ketone, the carbonyl group is in the middle of the chain or ring, and the carbonyl carbon is bonded only to carbons.

        (c) A carboxylic acid has an -OH group bonded to the carbonyl carbon, while an ester has an -OR group (R represents an organic substituent).

       (d) An ether has a single oxygen atom connecting two organic groups, while a ketone has a        carbonyl group connecting the two organic groups.

40, 43, 45, 46: See me if you need answers to these problems. 

Last modified September 2, 1997